another division of the formal sector, which generates less pollution than the informal sector since the former uses a … in the formal sector may accentuate pollution, even if it involves transfer of EST. Secondly, there might exist a … positive relationship between pollution and national income in the economy both in the presence and absence of transfer of EST …

pollution level. The study seeks to examine the pattern and nature of EKC in Africa and major income groups according to World …The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis asserts that pollution levels rises as a country develops, but reaches … a certain threshold where pollution begins to fall with increasing income. In EKC analysis, the relationship between …

states an inverse U-relationship between pollution and income. The presented model specifically shows how a dynamic … environmental Kuznets curve can emerge by introducing pollution and abatement technology in a public spending model of endogenous … that taxes reduce the level of pollution by pulling down the environmental Kuznets curve. Lastly the numerical exercises …

-shaped relationship between economic development and pollution. However we show that the turning points calculated by panel data analysis …