This paper aims to measure the role of police modernization scheme in its performance in crime repression. We use … ‘single stage’. We find that the police modernization scheme is helping the state police departments in enhancing their … performance, i.e., the police departments which have more modern communication equipments and which are spending more money on the …

Using a Two-Stage Least Squares procedure, we estimate the relationship between ethnic fragmentation and police … and accounting for simultaneity bias, ethnic fragmentation is positively related to police spending. Our paper contributes … to the understanding of the stylized fact that public spending on police increased over a period in which the incidence …

significance of police discrimination against social groups. This paper presents and applies a nonparametric test that is robust to … drivers. More particularly, there is evidence of police bias against African American male and Latino drivers by all officers … and no evidence of police bias against white male drivers by any group of officers. …

The monopoly over the exercise of violence is the main defining element of states according to the Weberian ideal …

has the violence against civilians over the period 1989-2010. Evidence on the participation of non-state combatants is …

Violence, as a human security threat, constitutes a core public health issue. Finally, in an era of globalized threats … requiring international cooperation, the discussion focuses on the interstate spillover effects of violence, or in other words …” in the 21st century; in particular our analysis focuses on the implications of the violence case study for …