payoffs to the client’s decision. We test this frame work using a new data set on bribery of Peruvian public officials by … households. The theory predicts that bribery is more attractive to both parties when the client is richer, and we find … empirically that both bribery incidence and value are increasing in household income. However, 65% of the relation between bribery …

are desperate, vulnerable, or demanding services particularly prone to corruption. The effect is strongest for bribery of … likely than non–victims to bribe public officials. Misfortune increases victims’ demand for public services, raising bribery … the police, where the increase in bribery comes principally through increased use of the police. For the judiciary the …

Using detailed Peruvian data measuring bribery, I assess which types of public official are most corrupt and why. I … distinguish between the bribery rate and the size of bribes received, and seek to explain the variation in each across public … institutions. The characteristics of officials’ clients explain most of the variation for bribery rates, but none for bribe amounts …

deterioration of the health care system, changes in diet and obesity, and material deprivation fail to explain the increase in …