international ones induced by capital controls. Crises affect financial integration by generating more volatility in the cross …-market premium and putting more downward pressure on domestic prices. "--World Bank web site …

that minimizes information asymmetry as well as corruption, and enhances liquidity as well as property rights. "--World …

exchange rate volatility, and (b) trade and financial openness may have a potential role of mitigating and/or amplifying real … openness to exacerbate or mitigate real exchange rate volatility. The authors collected information on the real effective …) High real exchange rate volatility is the result of highly volatile productivity shocks, and sharp oscillations in monetary …

competition and innovation, or that they are more sensitive to foreign presence. "--World Bank web site …