, their movement over time, and their impact on poverty in the case of Poland. Poland, a middle-income country, is of … environment and the economic growth variables show a relatively sizable degree of variance. In addition, Poland has struggled in … the past few years to reduce poverty while still experiencing positive economic growth. The authors show that in Poland …

In January 1999, Poland launched a new pension system that was the result of 5-6 years of broad outreach campaigns and … without undermining the long-term viability of the reformed pension system. Post-communist Poland operated on a traditional … and Poland had one of the highest spending rates of any post-communist transition country. In addition, long …

Poland's economic development story is one of success: since the early 1990s, the country has transitioned to a market …-income trap and increasing the resilience of its economy. Poland has sustained strong growth over the past three decades, making … considerable gap in both productivity and income convergence when compared with aspirational peers. Poland successfully …

. The report starts with the hypothesis that Russia's economy is still "in transition," with further scope to boost growth … powerful determinant of Russia's medium-term growth and long-term prospects. There are other contributors to growth, most … notably, the role that high hydrocarbon prices have played in Russia's rapid recovery from the 1998 crisis. In order to …