exacerbated by the need to ensure a suitable range of subject expertise among the teachers at a school …

series of recent World Bank and other studies on teacher absence and incentives for performance. Surprise school visits …

), introducing per-capita based financing and delegating significant financial and decision-making autonomy to school principals …

. How to do this, especially in primary school, where reading, writing and mathematical skills are first acquired, is the … results than giving schools cash grants for supplies or additional teachers. This project, which looks at only one school …

"This paper estimates the relationship between family background, school characteristics, and student achievement in … primary school in two Latin American countries, Argentina and Colombia, as well as several comparison countries. The database … is strongly related to students' family background, weakly to some institutional school features, and hardly to schools …

"Vermeersch and Kremer examine the effects of subsidized school meals on school participation, educational achievement …, and school finance in a developing country setting. They use data from a program that was implemented in 25 randomly … chosen preschools in a pool of 50. Children's school participation was 30 percent higher in the treatment group than in the …

important fact that has been left out of the debate on Pakistani education. Moreover, when the authors look at school choice …) child to a public or private school or both. Widely promoted theories simply do not explain this substantial variation …