"This paper examines the implications of bank activity and short-term funding strategies for bank risk and returns …-interest income generating activities such as trading increases the rate of return on assets, and it may offer some risk …, although it can offer some risk reduction at commonly observed low levels of non-deposit funding. A sizeable proportion of …

loans and extremely high credit risk, with significant differences between the CFA and non-CFA countries, and substantially …

empirical tests confirm the value of the data for credit risk evaluation and provide insights regarding its use in supervision …, including in calculations of credit risk for capital and provisioning requirements, or as a check on a bank's internal ratings …