transfer effect of social programs; and, fourth, it looks at some special issues that impact on poverty, namely unemployment …The present study focuses on four main objectives. First, it presents an update of poverty, and income distribution …, and the problems of indigenous peoples. Given the relatively high levels of unemployment, the persistence in educational …

that foster deep and persistent poverty, such as lack of connectivity to markets, have provided a degree of protection for …

, their movement over time, and their impact on poverty in the case of Poland. Poland, a middle-income country, is of … the past few years to reduce poverty while still experiencing positive economic growth. The authors show that in Poland …, poverty-reducing growth depends heavily on the ability of the economy to generate jobs. During the early years of transition …