"In contrast with a growing literature on the drivers of aggregate volatility in developing countries, its consequences … aggregate volatility has a regressive, asymmetric, and non linear impact, as reflected in the strong influence of extreme output …

, and can surge at times of currency speculation. Heightened interest rate and exchange rate volatility pose practical risk … through the equity markets have not been the major contributor to increased international sources of volatility. In addition …

sample of countries. Controlling for domestic conditions, the paper examines the growth and volatility effects of outcome … of nonlinearities by allowing the growth and volatility effects of openness to vary with the general level of economic … point toward strong non-monotonic effects of openness and external shocks on growth and volatility. Moreover, all in all …