that latent son preference in childbearing is more likely to manifest itself when fertility levels are low. As a result of …

providing basic services such as health care and education. Iran's fertility decline may have proceeded in two stages, the first … and demographic objectives. Between 1967 and 1977, fertility declined-mainly in urban areas-to an average of 4 children … for childbearing. The fertility decline coincided with improvements in primary and secondary education, possibly affecting …

addition to the replacement effects of higher fertility following a disaster that caused high mortality, a positive fertility … earthquakes: Gujarat, India, in 2001; North-West Frontier, Pakistan, in 2005; and Izmit, Turkey, in 1999. There is evidence of a … positive fertility response to exposure to these large-scale natural disasters in addition to the response to child mortality …

Pakistan was selected as a case study because of its estimated 40 percent decline in fertility between 1980 and 2006 …. Pakistan's high fertility rate began to decline gradually after the late 1980s and has continued to fall since then, though … (Algeria, Botswana, Iran, and Nicaragua), the history of fertility reduction in Pakistan has not been an overwhelming success …

data from the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM). In households where women have greater …