exchange rate volatility, and (b) trade and financial openness may have a potential role of mitigating and/or amplifying real … openness to exacerbate or mitigate real exchange rate volatility. The authors collected information on the real effective …) High real exchange rate volatility is the result of highly volatile productivity shocks, and sharp oscillations in monetary …

"In contrast with a growing literature on the drivers of aggregate volatility in developing countries, its consequences … aggregate volatility has a regressive, asymmetric, and non linear impact, as reflected in the strong influence of extreme output …

, and can surge at times of currency speculation. Heightened interest rate and exchange rate volatility pose practical risk … through the equity markets have not been the major contributor to increased international sources of volatility. In addition …