This report examines three critically important areas to inform discussions on the appropriate level of health care spending in the Russian Federation: (i) the efficiency of spending on health care services; (ii) distributional impacts of spending on health care services; and (iii) the key...

This volume provides a broad outline of the problems health systems face, the rationale behind government intervention particularly in the form of subsidies, and the different ways that governments and donors subsidize health care. The guide provides readers with an understanding of the concept...

The note analyzes overall trends in government health financing and expenditure patterns and discusses some of the efficiency and equity issues pertaining to current government health spending patterns. The policy note is one of a series of health financing analyses, complementing earlier policy...

Out-of-pocket payments (OOPs) are direct (at the point of service) financial contributions or co-payments by patients and their families associated with consumption of medical products (such as medicines) and/or services. They can be formal as well as informal payments. Together with taxation,...