and lower teaching quality when in class. The authors document that health problems-primarily teachers' own illness and … are unable to substitute adequately for teaching inputs. Excess teaching capacity that allows for the greater use of …

-operation and Development (OECD) countries, research consensus holds that the most effective uses of ICT are those in which the …-centric' teaching styles to more 'learner-centric' methods. Pedagogical practices of teachers using ICTs can range from only small … enhancements of teaching practices, using what are essentially traditional methods, to more fundamental changes in their approach …

outputs is patents. The main variables related to innovation inputs are investment in research and development (R&D) and …

measured by the dynamic relationship between research and development and U.S. patents granted. They confirm at the country … property rights, and in some specifications, the quality of research institutions and their interaction with the private sector …, affect the transformation of research and development into patents. "--World Bank web site …

How much Indonesia spends on research and development (R and D) financing, where it spends it, and how it spends it …'s policy aims. For the most part this PER will concentrate on the public R and D system, that is, the institutions and research …

A functional review by the World Bank of Romania's research, development and innovation (RD&I) sector has been … extensive literature research and data analysis, as well as three missions to Bucharest in January, March, and April 2011 … World Bank Higher Education Review team and the EC's DG Research and Innovation -- presents observations and recommendations …