"This paper estimates the relationship between family background, school characteristics, and student achievement in … used is the student-level international achievement data of the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS … is strongly related to students' family background, weakly to some institutional school features, and hardly to schools …

"Vermeersch and Kremer examine the effects of subsidized school meals on school participation, educational achievement … comparison group. The meals program led to higher curriculum test scores, but only in schools where the teacher was relatively … incentives, teacher absenteeism remained at a high level of 30 percent. Treatment schools raised their fees, and comparison …

Pakistani religious schools, commonly known as madrassas. Given the importance placed on the subject by policymakers in Pakistan … landscape in Pakistan has changed substantially in the past decade, but this is due to an explosion of private schools, an …