find that competition has a negative effect on innovation, especially for firms further from the efficiency frontier, and … we do not find support for an inverted U effect of competition on innovation. The authors show that the supply chain of … multinational enterprises and international trade are important channels for domestic firms' innovation. They detect no evidence …

foreign investors affects the degree of vertical spillovers from foreign direct investment. Investors' country of origin may … matter for spillovers to domestic producers in upstream sectors (supplying intermediate inputs) in two ways. First, the share … EU investors and thus present greater potential for vertical spillovers. The empirical analysis produces evidence in …