outputs is patents. The main variables related to innovation inputs are investment in research and development (R&D) and …

"Using a new global data base on patents and innovation inputs, the authors examine the process of knowledge creation … measured by the dynamic relationship between research and development and U.S. patents granted. They confirm at the country …, affect the transformation of research and development into patents. "--World Bank web site …

small firms. Measures to boost the productivity of micro and small firms in general will both help overall economic growth …

productivity of small informal firms. Using data from firm surveys, national household surveys, and qualitative data from focus … groups, the study conducts a gender analysis of formality and productivity in six different sectors in Bolivia. The findings … productivity and scale of women-owned businesses. Two general priorities emerge: promoting women's access to productive assets to …