sample of countries. Controlling for domestic conditions, the paper examines the growth and volatility effects of outcome … of nonlinearities by allowing the growth and volatility effects of openness to vary with the general level of economic … point toward strong non-monotonic effects of openness and external shocks on growth and volatility. Moreover, all in all …

exchange rate volatility, and (b) trade and financial openness may have a potential role of mitigating and/or amplifying real … openness to exacerbate or mitigate real exchange rate volatility. The authors collected information on the real effective …) High real exchange rate volatility is the result of highly volatile productivity shocks, and sharp oscillations in monetary …

households gaining. They find that global free trade would result in a weighted average gain to households in Russia of 0 … of 0.2 percent of consumption). Russia, as a net food importer, loses from subsidy elimination, and the gains to Russia … from tariff cuts in other countries are too small to offset these losses. The results strongly support the view that Russia …

Russia saw strong growth in 2021, with momentum weakening late in the year. Growth will slow as Russia battles COVID-19 … for Russia is to fundamentally transform its economic structure …

, and can surge at times of currency speculation. Heightened interest rate and exchange rate volatility pose practical risk … through the equity markets have not been the major contributor to increased international sources of volatility. In addition …

"In light of the recent argument that rapid economic growth in Russia over the next decade might result in emissions … costs and benefits of ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by Russia. They conclude that even under a very high economic … economic growth, Russia still benefits from a net surplus of emissions allowances, and thus will not see its growth adversely …