Since 1998 Albania has experienced an important transformation that has lifted it into the ranks of upper middle income … economy. It further elaborates the growth challenges Albania faces as newly arrived upper middle income country. Chapter two …

Since its emergence from a turbulent post-communist transition, Albania has achieved remarkable progress in economic …. Despite these positive developments, Albania continues to face significant governance challenges that will need to be overcome … of Albania's governance environment, to identify the principal governance constraints to the achievement of development …

While Albania 's performance has been impressive, there are concerns about the sustainability of high rates of economic … only picked up modestly. This suggests that in order to sustain high GDP growth going forward, Albania must seek to raise … its investment and, secondary school enrollment rates, increase the degree of trade integration, and improve institutional …

exchange rate volatility, and (b) trade and financial openness may have a potential role of mitigating and/or amplifying real … and nominal shocks to real exchange rates. The goal of the present paper is to examine the ability of trade and financial … exchange rate, its fundamentals, and (outcome and policy measures of) trade and financial openness for a sample of industrial …