"The binding of tariff rates and adoption of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization …-sanctioned safeguards and antidumping mechanisms provided the basis to remove a multitude of instruments of protection in the Latin American … pressures for protection in agencies with economy-wide accountabilities. The World Trade Organization's procedural requirements …

"To study the effects of tariffs on gross domestic product (GDP), one needs import demand elasticities at the tariff … than their simple or import-weighted average tariffs would suggest. Thus, distortion is nontrivial. GDP losses are largest … Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to measure trade restrictiveness"--World Bank web site …

welfare and its distributional effects, particularly for the poor in developing countries"--World Bank web site …