instruments and contingent liabilities. As sovereign borrowers contend with higher interest costs, tighter refinancing conditions … financing arrangements, such as private placements, central bank swaps, and collateralized loans. In parallel, domestic debt is …, debt risks are often hidden, true liabilities obscured, and sustainability undermined. Further complicating the picture …

This report assesses Montenegro's public and external debt sustainability under alternative scenarios. The baseline … concludes that Montenegro's public debt would be highly sustainable if economic reforms continue at their current pace, and the …

This is the second of the series of Debt Reports for 2022 to be published online and provide users with data and … analysis on external and public debt of low- and middle-income countries. Debt Report 2022 second edition presents preliminary … estimates of external debt stocks at end-2021 for low- and middle-income countries and information on new bond issuance in …

framework in the second part of the decade, Brazil suffered a major public debt and currency crisis in 2002. Though the … policymaking framework: fiscal policy was not responsive to the shocks, public debt instruments were used with several objectives … (to stabilize the currency and to lengthen maturity) and there was inadequate supervision of agents holding public debt …

replace existing sovereign debt with one or more liabilities1 that include a spending commitment towards a specific …The aim of this note is to help stakeholders optimize their decision-making on when, where, and how to use debt …-for-development swaps ("debt swaps"), ensuring they bring the intended benefits to all parties involved. It also proposes new approaches to …

payments crises, (4) currency crises, (5) debt crises, (6) growth rate crises, and (7) financial crises. Crisis data were …

are drawn, was established in 1951. The debt crisis of the 1980s brought increased attention to debt statistics and to the … World debt tables, the predecessor to Global development finance. Now the global financial crisis has once again heightened … half the peak level of $1,111 billion realized in 2007. Private flows (debt and equity) declined by 27 percent despite a …

(NBFIs). Well-functioning government and corporate debt markets are critical elements of modern financial systems. A mature …' shorter-term liabilities place constraints on their ability to finance long-term assets. Demand from other sources is also …, sub-national governments will also increasingly need access to bond markets. All in all, therefore, domestic debt markets …

economic conditions or poor economic management have demanded solutions, including debt restructuring and, in the case of the … are drawn, was established in 1951. The debt crisis of the 1980s brought increased attention to debt statistics and to the … world debt tables, the predecessor to global development finance. Now the global financial crisis has once again heightened …