outputs is patents. The main variables related to innovation inputs are investment in research and development (R&D) and …

measured by the dynamic relationship between research and development and U.S. patents granted. They confirm at the country … property rights, and in some specifications, the quality of research institutions and their interaction with the private sector …, affect the transformation of research and development into patents. "--World Bank web site …

How much Indonesia spends on research and development (R and D) financing, where it spends it, and how it spends it …'s policy aims. For the most part this PER will concentrate on the public R and D system, that is, the institutions and research …

A functional review by the World Bank of Romania's research, development and innovation (RD&I) sector has been … contribution to the country's growth and continued convergence with the EU. The objective of the Review is to propose actions over … extensive literature research and data analysis, as well as three missions to Bucharest in January, March, and April 2011 …

highly integrated into the world economy. Second, Turkey's export performance in 1996-2004 in EU markets bears strong … similarities to the aggregate performance of new EU members from Central Europe (EU-8). Similarities include dynamics, similar … factors responsible for the increased presence in EU markets, factor content, and the role of "producer-driven" network trade …

's trade policy. Despite significant progress in implementation of structural reforms and converging to the EU acquis … the levels of efficiency achieved on average by both EU-8 and the EU-15 countries in management of ports, information … fully contestable for pan-Europe (EU-25, European Free Trade Association, Romania, and Turkey), exposing local producers to …