of the market economy, improved productivity, and enhancement of competitiveness. This report focuses on three critical … support private sector development and growth in both urban and rural areas; and 3) social protection reform, to improve …

first propose three measures of firms' productive performance: labor productivity, total factor productivity, and technical … countries in the sample. The exception is Morocco, whose various measures of firm-level productivity rank close to the ones of … constitute a powerful means of industrial development and competitiveness, in the Middle East and North Africa region in …

. Despite rapid development of a range of COVID-19 vaccines using innovative technologies, access to these vaccines has been a …. ASEAN countries, which overall have made limited investments in research and development of vaccines and biologicals, were …, the United Kingdom Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (UK FCDO) and the World Bank initiated the ASEAN Vaccine …

and total factor productivity growth in small and large states in the South. There are three main findings. First …, productivity growth increases with North-South trade-related technology diffusion and education and the interaction between the two … their interaction on productivity growth in small states is more than three times that for large countries, with the …

with formal institutions. Second, the impact of labor market institutions on productivity growth has probably been …