is strongly related to students' family background, weakly to some institutional school features, and hardly to schools … schools with a centralized curriculum and ability-based class formation. "--World Bank web site …

comparison group. The meals program led to higher curriculum test scores, but only in schools where the teacher was relatively … incentives, teacher absenteeism remained at a high level of 30 percent. Treatment schools raised their fees, and comparison … schools close to treatment schools decreased their fees. Some of the price effects are caused by a combination of capacity …

Pakistani religious schools, commonly known as madrassas. Given the importance placed on the subject by policymakers in Pakistan … landscape in Pakistan has changed substantially in the past decade, but this is due to an explosion of private schools, an …