find that competition has a negative effect on innovation, especially for firms further from the efficiency frontier, and … we do not find support for an inverted U effect of competition on innovation. The authors show that the supply chain of … multinational enterprises and international trade are important channels for domestic firms' innovation. They detect no evidence …

not feel pressure (Carlin and others 2001; World Bank 2004). However, competition also appears to affect innovation in … of competition and, consequently, assesses their net impact on innovation. He finds that reducing tariffs and enacting … and enforcing competition laws modestly increases both the pressure that firms feel regarding innovation and the level of …

worryingly high. More than five million youths have failed to complete a basic education. Alternative Learning System (ALS) is a … analyzes (a) the target populations, (b) current beneficiaries, (c) delivery modes (with a focus on learning facilitators …

is widespread belief that ICTs can and will empower teachers and learners, transforming teaching and learning processes … from being highly teacher-dominated to student-centered, and that this transformation will result in increased learning …

This learning note prepares policymakers to engage with their technical experts and staff in designing and implementing …