. Politicians can overcome their credibility deficit in two ways. First, they can build reputations. This requires that they fulfill … commitments to their clients. Endogenizing credibility in this way, the authors find that targeted transfers and corruption are …-electoral promises. They also argue that in the absence of political credibility, political reliance on patrons enhances welfare in the …

"The majority of economic decisions taken by individuals are forward looking and thus involve their expectations of … future outcomes. Understanding the expectations that individuals have is thus of crucial importance to designing and … developing country surveys are static in nature and do not contain information on the subjective expectations of individuals …