measured by the dynamic relationship between research and development and U.S. patents granted. They confirm at the country … property rights, and in some specifications, the quality of research institutions and their interaction with the private sector …, affect the transformation of research and development into patents. "--World Bank web site …

How much Indonesia spends on research and development (R and D) financing, where it spends it, and how it spends it …'s policy aims. For the most part this PER will concentrate on the public R and D system, that is, the institutions and research …

A functional review by the World Bank of Romania's research, development and innovation (RD&I) sector has been … extensive literature research and data analysis, as well as three missions to Bucharest in January, March, and April 2011 … World Bank Higher Education Review team and the EC's DG Research and Innovation -- presents observations and recommendations …

outputs is patents. The main variables related to innovation inputs are investment in research and development (R&D) and …

women-who were developing their own innovations without the support of formal research and development services. In order to … researchers and extensionists, the multi-disciplinary research team at IRA organized field visits. However, a much further …

disadvantage. ASEAN countries, which overall have made limited investments in research and development of vaccines and biologicals … region to be self-sufficient in vaccine research and manufacturing to effectively address future pandemics and build regional …

. The pandemic revealed weaknesses in ASEAN's regional vaccine capacity, including in research and development …