and toward Western European levels. By 2008 efficiency gains had produced cost savings totaling US$349 million. The …

and total factor productivity growth in small and large states in the South. There are three main findings. First …, productivity growth increases with North-South trade-related technology diffusion and education and the interaction between the two … their interaction on productivity growth in small states is more than three times that for large countries, with the …

the positive effect of liberalization on productivity when they do not account for the endogeneity bias. On the theory …"There is a growing literature that investigates the effect of trade liberalization on productivity. Nearly all such … studies assume that trade policy is determined independently of productivity, hence it is exogenous. The author shows that …

for greater capital accumulation, without being fully reflected in a higher rate of total factor productivity (TFP) growth …

"Serrano and Trujillo quantify the evolution of technical efficiency in port infrastructure service provision in the … place in the 1990s had an impact on the efficiency of the Spanish container ports. Because of the multi-output nature of … efficiency has in fact changed little on average. But there is a significant movement of the efficiency within ports over time as …