costs are used as an exogenous measure of import competition. The authors find a positive and robust effect of import … that increased import competition from less advanced economies is the major cause for the positive impact on quality …

"The authors provide new evidence on the impacts of trade reforms on wages and wage inequality in developing countries … wages and wage inequality. After setting up unusual historical data sets of trends in tariffs, trends in wages, and trends …) has reduced wages, and (2) has increased wage inequality. "--World Bank web site …

firms, under what circumstances, and performance adopt such technology. To measure performance, productivity wages, and net … from the National Survey of Employment, Wages, Technology and Training (ENESTYC), and the National Industrial Survey (EIA …

firms, under what circumstances, and performance adopt such technology. To measure performance, productivity wages, and net … from the National Survey of Employment, Wages, Technology and Training (ENESTYC), and the National Industrial Survey (EIA …

influence wages directly except for vulnerable minorities that seem protected by unions. Establishment-size wage effects are … pronounced and highest for white-collar workers. This may be explained by the efficiency wage theory, so that, even in the … paying wages above the market clearing level. The inefficiency arising from establishment-size wage effects can be mitigated …