exchange rate volatility, and (b) trade and financial openness may have a potential role of mitigating and/or amplifying real … openness to exacerbate or mitigate real exchange rate volatility. The authors collected information on the real effective …) High real exchange rate volatility is the result of highly volatile productivity shocks, and sharp oscillations in monetary …

Following the world food ... …

world price signals reach more producers to induce a supply response. To reduce world food price volatility, suggested …-grain stock purchases and releases to reduce, rather than amplify, local and world food price volatility; (3) shift to market …Following the world food price spike in 2008 and again in 2011, there has been increased attention on better …

"The author examines the impact of the volatility of foreign portfolio investment on the financial constraints of small …, the author finds that the volatility of foreign portfolio investment is only significantly associated with a decreased … volatility of foreign portfolio investment only hinders the growth of small firms significantly in periods when nations are …

volatility in the euro-dollar bilateral exchange rate and conservative monetary policies in the two zones, resulting in a partial … zones, while openness in UEMOA has contributed to an appreciation of the real effective exchange rate. "--World Bank web …

of their impact on food prices. "--World Bank web site …

lead to greater entry into relatively capital-intensive enterprises by migrants' origin households. "--World Bank web site …