have a positive effect on the level of income and a negative effect on its growth rate. The positive and permanent effect … on income implies a welfare gain. There is a growth effect stemming from a composition effect. However, the authors show …

inclusion of remittances. The paper also finds that both types of remittances increase income inequality in Ghana. For …

, as opposed to internal, remittances are included in household income, and when poverty is measured by the more sensitive … international remittances in household expenditure (income) reduces the severity of poverty by 34.8 percent, while including … internal remittances in such income reduces the severity of poverty by only 4.1 percent. International remittances reduce the …

by creating new income and employment opportunities for skilled and unskilled workers. "--World Bank web site …