"An extensive literature on the relationship between decentralization (or localization) and corruption has developed in … recent years. While some authors argue that there is a positive relationship between decentralization and corruption, others … claim that decentralization in fact leads to a reduction in the level of corruption. This important policy question has not …

delivery and regulation has adverse long-term effects on households. The term "quiet corruption" is introduced to indicate … service provision) that do not involve monetary exchange. The prevalence of quiet corruption and its long-term consequences …