"External exposure can be measured by the sensitivity of first and second moments of economic growth to openness and foreign shocks. This paper provides an empirical evaluation of external exposure using panel data methods for a worldwide sample of countries. Controlling for domestic conditions,...

The COVID-19 pandemic affected people's livelihoods in many ways, particularly in developing countries. This paper examines the degree to which recovering mobility levels impacted labor market outcomes in Kenya over the course of the pandemic, starting from May 2020 until June 2021. It uses an...

Turkey has recently experienced significant population growth, gross domestic product (GDP) growth, and modernization. The economic structure in Turkey has been changing rapidly due to privatization and global growth. This report examines men and women's perception of factors that are perceived...

Based on extensive institutional, and empirical analysis, the report describes a static labor market in Bosnia, unable to accommodate the economic imbalances resulting from the war, and from the legacy of the socialist era. Worker, and job flows have been rather low, lagging behind when compared...

All countries across South Asia, faced with the rising risks of COVID-19 infection rates, implemented severe economic lockdowns in early 2020 with varying frequencies and time periods. While the exact nature and duration of these lockdowns varied across countries in the South Asia Region (SAR),...