that latent son preference in childbearing is more likely to manifest itself when fertility levels are low. As a result of …

providing basic services such as health care and education. Iran's fertility decline may have proceeded in two stages, the first … and demographic objectives. Between 1967 and 1977, fertility declined-mainly in urban areas-to an average of 4 children … for childbearing. The fertility decline coincided with improvements in primary and secondary education, possibly affecting …

contraception to avoid abortion, improving pre-natal and delivery care, increasing the number of skilled providers of health care …, post-abortion care, bolstering maternal health services, and reducing practices that increase reproductive health risks …

mechanical effect of schooling on fertility if women tend not to have children while continuing to attend high school or college … Health Surveys of 1989, 1993, 1998, and 2003 to uncover the impact of staying one more year in school on teenage fertility …. To get around the endogeneity issue between schooling and fertility preferences, the analysis uses the 1985 Kenyan …