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outputs is patents. The main variables related to innovation inputs are investment in research and development (R&D) and … include measures of innovation outcomes as well as variables related to innovation effort. The main indicator of innovation … of innovation outputs and inputs by looking at the over-time behavior of the relevant series and comparing the …
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Somalia has lacked a recognized government since 1991-an unusually long time. In extremely difficult conditions the private sector has demonstrated its much-vaunted capability to make do. To cope with the absence of the rule of law, private enterprises have been using foreign jurisdictions or...
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.15 percentage point. In terms of innovation, the authors find that a 20 percent increase in the annual number of USPTO patents … authors find that the stock of human capital, the level of domestic innovation and technological adaptation, and the level of …
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"Product standards can have a dual impact on production and trade costs. Standards may impose additional costs on exporters as it may be necessary to adapt products for specific markets (cost-effect). In contrast, standards can reduce exporters' information costs if they convey information on...
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Information and communication technology (ICT) tools can have a catalytic effect in advancing both educational access and learning outcomes for children with disabilities. Despite tremendous potential, a gap exists between technology advancements and their large-scale application in educating...
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Bank's analytical Europe 2020 work pertaining to raising employment rates and skills levels as well as to spur innovation …. Section four focuses on innovation and technology absorption, highlighting how more and more efficient research and …
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