The aim of this paper is to review the state of the productive infrastructure of Uruguay and the development policies that govern it and to propose policy options for the long term contribution to achieving a higher level of economic and sustainable development, based on the premise that there...

The changed role of rail in Africa over the last thirty years has seen it move from a situation where many of the systems were carrying a high share of their country's traffic to one in which their market share has declined, their assets have steadily deteriorated, their quality of service has...

This report describes and explains how, in the period 1990-2008, China's railway sector has contributed and responded to the incredibly challenging transport demands generated by China's economic development, and highlights the plans and possibilities that lie ahead. In 1949, China had only...

In the 1990s, Zimbabwe's economic growth began to slow following a balance of payments crisis and repeated droughts. By the late 1990s Zimbabwe's economy was in serious trouble driven by economic mismanagement, political violence, and the wider impact of the land reform program on food...

As a green mode of transportation, railways have an important role to play in decarbonizing transport through shifting transport from more polluting modes of transport such as road and air. Railways can enable economic growth, which in turn generates increasing transport demand, while keeping...

The note first presents a brief overview of the Croatian railway sector, listing the main challenges that it is currently facing, and identifying the main areas of intervention for the development of a financially sustainable sector, which should guide any thorough sector reform program in the...

During the 1990s, the Turkish economy was beset by frequent economic crises. Fiscal imbalances, high inflation rates, and the subsequent stop and go economic cycles hit the Turkish economy, slowing growth and plunging the country into recession. Spiraling debt and interest payments coupled with...

This Policy Note has been prepared to assist the governments of the Entities in Bosnia and Herzegovina to better understand the current conditions of the railway sector,assess the policy options for modernizing it and help chart a course ahead. Railway performance is benchmarked against a number...

Under a succession of reform-minded governments, the Bulgarian rail sector has achieved some ambitious targets-stable traffic volumes and hard-won financial stability that was endorsed by investor confidence during a recent bond issuance for EUR 120 million. Today, all Acquis Communautaires...

"This paper proposes that individuals care about the relative income of proximate reference groups. Making use of self-reported life satisfaction as a proxy for unobservable utility, the relative income of siblings is tested for relevance as a reference point for new sample data from Venezuela....