"In contrast with a growing literature on the drivers of aggregate volatility in developing countries, its consequences … aggregate volatility has a regressive, asymmetric, and non linear impact, as reflected in the strong influence of extreme output …

exchange rate volatility, and (b) trade and financial openness may have a potential role of mitigating and/or amplifying real … openness to exacerbate or mitigate real exchange rate volatility. The authors collected information on the real effective …) High real exchange rate volatility is the result of highly volatile productivity shocks, and sharp oscillations in monetary …

spectacularly narrowed down, but this effect is dwarfed by that of world-price volatility. A counterfactual analysis based on a …

"The author examines the impact of the volatility of foreign portfolio investment on the financial constraints of small …, the author finds that the volatility of foreign portfolio investment is only significantly associated with a decreased … volatility of foreign portfolio investment only hinders the growth of small firms significantly in periods when nations are …

. Patrinos and Sakellariou rigorously estimate the returns to education in Venezuela for the period 1992-2002 and link them to … document falling returns to schooling and educational levels until the mid-1990s, followed by increasing returns thereafter …. The authors use quantile regression analysis to provide further insight into the within skill group changes in returns …