The customary practice of meeting urban water deficit through supply augmentation by tapping distant and multiple-use water sources often disturbs prevailing sectoral allocation and causes inter-sectoral water conflicts. The common prescription for resolving such conflicts involves market-based...

This document aims to succinctly summarize the climate risks faced by Azerbaijan. This includes rapid onset and long-term changes in key climate parameters, as well as impacts of these changes on communities, livelihoods, and economies, many of which are already underway. This is a high-level...

Georgia is located in the South Caucasus region, sharing land borders with Russia to the north, Turkey to the southwest, Armenia to the south, and Azerbaijan to the east. Over the past two decades, Georgia has experienced significant economic change, urbanization, and displaced populations (due...

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has led to unprecedented adverse social and economic impacts. Further, the pandemic has demonstrated the compounding impacts of adding yet another shock on top of the multiple challenges that vulnerable populations already face in day-to-day life, with...

The Republic of Indonesia, herein Indonesia, is the world's largest archipelagic state, consisting of more than 17,500 islands with over 81,000 kilometres (km) of coastline, a population of 270.6 million as of 2019 and the largest economy in Southeast Asia. Indonesia is highly vulnerable to...

The Republic of Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia, the country shares borders with the Russian Federation to the north, China to the east, and Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and the Kyrgyz Republic to the south. The Caspian Sea forms a natural boundary to the west. Kazakhstan contains...