, this is presently not the case. The domestic shipping industry is characterized by high costs, low quality of service, and … a poor safety record. Logistics cost accounts for 24-53 percent of wholesale price, while shipping and port handling … cost around 8 percent of wholesale price and 5 percent of retail price. Philippine domestic shipping is generally more …

liberalization is to help i) foster more competition in the domestic shipping industry, ii) reduce shipping cost, and iii) improve … efficiency, maritime services, and safety standards. These, together with complementary reforms in domestic shipping and ports … cabotage is organized as follows. Part one provides an overview of the domestic shipping industry and discusses the key issues …

, where relevant, key areas for future attention. The topics are: international shipping, gateway ports, domestic maritime … transport, four related sectors, cruise ship tourism, tuna fisheries, fossil fuel imports, and bulk shipping, natural disasters …