This is the first of three Debt Reports for 2022 to be published online over the course of the year to provide users with data and analysis on external and public debt of low- and middle-income countries. Debt Report 2022 First Edition present summary analyses of the composition of external debt...

Political risk remains the top preoccupation for foreign investors operating in developing countries over the next three years, in spite of persistent concerns over the global downturn in the short term. The global economic recession triggered by the financial crisis that has unfolded over the...

The Europe and Central Asia (ECA) Country Risk Profiles for floods and earthquakes presented in this publication are based on quantitative risk assessments derived using global flood and earthquake models.Flood and earthquake risk were defined in terms of affected population and affected gross...

The purpose of this report is to raise awareness and initiate a discussion on the need for sovereign sustainability reporting. The proposed sovereign climate and nature reporting framework would assist sovereigns looking to attract investment by enabling them to produce comprehensive, regular,...

Many emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs) face challenges in developing a vibrant domestic bond market. Only a few have developed such markets to a level of full maturity as Malaysia has. Although the overall size of most domestic corporate bond markets in EMDEs (in terms of...

This note analyzes the evolution of Credit Information Systems, including the emergence of new technologies that use alternative data in credit decisioning and the opportunities and risks associated with these trends. This paper also predicts the potential development effect of these disruptive...

With an increasing share of populations dwelling in cities, urban emission reduction is gaining priority at the national level. A high share of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the global footprint is ultimately attributable to urban areas; as such, the effect of carbon lockin further increases...

In recent years, as more and more regulators have begun to assume the role of supervision and oversight over credit bureau(s), the World Bank Group has supported supervisors in understanding and carrying out their duties as it relates to this role. The WBG has supported the development of the...

The main objective of this toolkit is to provide technical advice and guidance to World Bank Group staff, donor institutions, government officials and other practitioners on the implementation of secured transactions law and institutional reforms in emerging market countries. However, the...