The outbreak was declared a pandemic by the WHO on March 11 and the epicenter of the crisis has moved from China and Korea to the US and Western Europe. Infections are also increasing at a rapid pace in WBG client countries, with large uncertainty about the extent to which many countries are...

The aim of this note is to present and analyze subnational fiscal trends in Russia in the context of overall slowing economic growth and falling oil prices over the last few years. In particular, in 2015, GDP fell by 3.7 percent. Despite efforts to cut expenditures, the federal deficit increased...

Real GDP expanded by 17.7 percent in 2022, with per capita incomes surpassing the pre-pandemic levels. On the supply side, accommodation, transport, and commerce explained 60 percent of growth. On the demand side, exports (mainly tourism) and private consumption accounted for growth. The rebound...

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) can sometimes be perceived as a means for delivering infrastructure for free. A more nuanced but still inexact view is that they are a mechanism to overcome fiscal constraints. Some argue, perhaps rightly, that often governments enter PPP contracts without...

The Central Bank of Chile (Banco Central de Chile, BCCh) and Chile's Ministry of Finance, requested the World Bank to undertake a stand-alone Review of Standards and Codes (ROSC) module of the Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures (PFMI) of the Committee on Payments and Market...

Chile has fairly developed payment, clearing, and settlement infrastructures. Sistema liquidacion bruta en tiempo real (real time gross settlement (LBTR) is largely compliant with the principles for financial market infrastructures (PFMI), and is sound from an operations perspective. ComBanc has...

Chile has fairly developed payment, clearing, and settlement infrastructures. Sistema liquidacion bruta en tiempo real (real time gross settlement) (LBTR) is largely compliant with the principles for financial market infrastructures (PFMI), and is sound from an operations perspective. ComBanc...

The Central Bank of Chile (Banco Central de Chile, BCCh) and Chile's Ministry of Finance, in their letter of January 9th, 2015, requested the World Bank to undertake a stand-alone Review of Standards and Codes (ROSC) module of the Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures (PFMI) of the...

The Central Bank of Chile (Banco Central de Chile, BCCh) and Chile's Ministry of Finance, requested the World Bank to undertake a stand-alone Review of Standards and Codes (ROSC) module of the Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures (PFMI) of the Committee on Payments and Market...