(sanctions) can reduce or eliminate conflict. These sanctions, however, need to be credible. Finally, the independent provision … and finance of international sanctions are considered. When these arrangements yield little benefit to financial sponsors …, or are very costly to them, the bite of the sanctions can become ineffective. …

This study gauges the status of transition in the formerly centrally planned economies of Eastern Europe and Central … managerial practices; and assesses transition progress at the level of 13 economic sectors. The largest transition gaps remain in …

Why many transition economies succeeded by pursuing policies that are so different from the radical economic …

institutional change, values and beliefs in transition countries have not changed much over the last 20 years. Evidence suggests …. Current institutional evolutions in transition countries might be more affected by their long run past than by the communist …

The former German Democratic Republic underwent a unique post-communist transition because it was absorbed into the …

Only recently, 20 years after transition to a market system, has Russia regained a similar production level it had … achieved on the eve of transition in 1991. This may sound surprising, given its low productivity under central planning which …

The paper explores a phenomenon often observed in transition economies, when newly established institutions are misused … institutional misuse (illustrated by examples from Russian transition), discuss its consequences, and explore reasons why …

important urbanization processes in poor countries. This paper describes an emerging ‘health transition’ and the importance of …

transition can be parsimoniously explained by two variables: the length of time the country spent under a communist regime and …