Grade retention practices are at the forefront of the educational debate. In this paper, we use PISA 2009 data for …-repeaters appear 14.6% lower than they actually are. The effect on PISA scores of repeating is much smaller (-10% of non …

Drawing on PISA data of 2006, this study examines the impact of socio-economic school composition on science test score …

terms of time devoted to supervision and spillover effects. Empirical evidence, using Italian PISA 2006, shows that highly …