firms, taking into consideration the role played by in-licensing of IP. We find that firms facing more fragmented IP … landscapes have a higher probability of in-licensing. For firms with small patent portfolios we also find a positive association … between fragmentation and licensing costs as a share of sales. We observe a negative relationship between IP fragmentation and …

into consideration the role played by in-licensing of IP. Controlling for a variety of firm and market characteristics, we … find that firms facing more fragmented IP landscapes are more likely to report expenditures on in-licensing and for those … firms that do incur license costs we find a weak positive association between licensing expenditure and fragmented IP rights …

inlicensing activity. In this paper, we investigate the effect of expected blocking on firms' engagement in in- and out-licensing …. Based on a sample of more than 400 German manufacturing firms our results show that firms engage in in- and out-licensing if … technology competition increases which is in line with the argument that licensing can mitigate hold-up problems in technology …