the innovation process. Markets with high competition also force enterprises to produce imitative innovations but give …

analysis show that relatively valuable patents are more likely to be involved in litigation cases than the average patent … than patents which have not been opposed. Patent owner?s ability to trade patents with potential infringers and to interact …This paper presents an empirical analysis of the determinants of patent litigation in Germany, based on information …

which German patent renewal fees were paid to full-term expiration in 1995. A search of subsequent U.S. and German patents … yielded a count of citations to those patents. Patents renewed to full term were significantly more valuable than patents … allowed to expire before their full term. The higher an invention?s economic value estimate was, the more the relevant patent …

patent quantity is driven by knowledge exchange rather than joint R&D. Firms engaged in joint R&D, on the other hand, receive … more forward citations per patent indicating that joint R&D enhances patent quality. In light of literature on strategic … patenting, our results further suggest that knowledge creation alliances lead to patents that are filed to protect valuable …

We analyze the impact of the probabilistic nature of patents on the functioning of Germany's bifurcated patent … litigation system where infringement and validity of a patent are decided independently by different courts. We show that … bifurcation creates situations in which a patent is held infringed that is subsequently invalidated. Our conservative estimates …

empirical study on the determinants of innovative activity measured by patent applications are presented. A sample of German … innovation, i.e. weakly controlled managers show a higher innovation propensity. However, the higher the leverage the more …

nanomaterials. We analyse European Patent Office data at the German district level (NUTS-3) on applications for nanomaterial patents …Nanomaterials are seen as a key technology for the 21st Century, and much is expected of them in terms of innovation … and economic growth. They could open the way to many radically new applications, which would form the basis of innovative …

competition towards competition based on technical inventions, a worldwide surge in patenting took place, and the ?patent thicket … manufacturing in 2000, it turns out that patents are important to protect intellectual property in the market, whereas secrecy seems …

on the effects of the patent stock on profitability. The data base is a representative sample of German manufacturing … patent stock has a strong and robust effect on profitability. …

Although there seems to be consensus in the literature that venture capital investors increase the innovation output of … from seven European countries, we investigate which form of venture capital is most supportive of innovation. Our results … suggest that in companies financed by syndicates and by private venture capital investors, the innovation output increases …