typically treat these 'university' spinoffs like industry startups. However, when university spinoffs involve an employment … larger stream of social benefits than industry startups, a performance premium. This paper outlines the arguments why the … performance premium of 3.4 percentage points higher employment growth over industry startups. The analysis also shows that the …

We investigate the workforce heterogeneity of startups with respect to education, age and wages. Our explorative study … holds both for non-knowledge-based and, to a lesser extent, knowledge-based startups. This seems surprising since a vast …). We also document that workforces become more heterogeneous over time - startups add workers with skills different from …