output. Research units that source research ideas from small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) patent more, but not more …

forward citations patents can receive at the European Patent Office. While a patent can be cited as non-infringing state of … the art, it can also be cited because it threatens the novelty of patent applications ('blocking citations'). Empirical …. This finding adds to the patent value literature by showing that different types of patent citations carry different …

I analyse how patent litigation outcome in Germany affects the performance of the disputing firms by interpreting … the functioning of the bifurcated German patent litigation system: The separation of litigation and invalidity decisions …, resulting in invalidity decisions taking much longer than decisions on infringement, provides patent holders with a window of …

This paper looks at the decision to settle patent litigation in Germany from a new angle by focusing on detailed data …% of all patent litigation cases in Germany between 2000 and 2008 we estimate the likelihood of within-trial settlement. We …. Additionally, firm-specific stakes as measured by the relation of the involved parties to the disputed patent as well as firm …

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the determinants of patent litigation in Germany, based on information … analysis show that relatively valuable patents are more likely to be involved in litigation cases than the average patent … than patents which have not been opposed. Patent owner?s ability to trade patents with potential infringers and to interact …

which German patent renewal fees were paid to full-term expiration in 1995. A search of subsequent U.S. and German patents … allowed to expire before their full term. The higher an invention?s economic value estimate was, the more the relevant patent …

German firms from manufacturing and services sectors I show that the perceived effectiveness of patent protection positively …. However, this effect varies with the perceived patent protection effectiveness. If the perceived patent protection …

patent quantity is driven by knowledge exchange rather than joint R&D. Firms engaged in joint R&D, on the other hand, receive … more forward citations per patent indicating that joint R&D enhances patent quality. In light of literature on strategic …

-up threats. Backward references in firm's patent portfolio indicate potential technology suppliers. I find a negative effect of … ownership fragmentation on investments related to innovation for firms with small patent portfolios. Hold-up threats are … between downstream firms and upstream patentees negatively affect investments in innovation for firms with large patent …