satisfy the entry requirements to EMU, but little real convergence and hence a significant incentive for some to stay outside … market costs using a sample of data covering the 1980s and 1990s - i.e. for the run up to EMU. This exposes a conflict …

A disadvantage of EMU is the lack of national monetary policy to absorb country-specific shocks. The seriousness of … shocks within EMU. The aim of this paper is to analyse empirically whether shocks in EMU became more or less symmetric. The … results suggest that within EMU the symmetry of demand shocks increased during the last two decades, whilst the symmetry of …

A disadvantage of EMU is the lack of national monetary policy to absorb country-specific shocks. The seriousness of … shocks within EMU. Previous empirical research on the asymmetry of shocks mainly focused on correlation coefficients between … shocks in the EMU. The aim of this paper is to analyse empirically whether shocks in EMU became more or less symmetric. By …

% among the public and 94% among businesses. Merely a quarter of the public is aware, however, of the starting year of the EMU …

essential to quantifying the level of inflation corresponding to any given unemployment rate. Next, we point out that the EMU …

-tradable products. Compared to the US, the dispersion level of consumer prices has always been higher in the euro area, but EMU is …

at the business cycle frequency, price dispersion across EMU member countries over the 1960 - 2009 period is …

guilder-mark target zone in the pre-EMU period as a case study, we empirically estimate how much policy discretion the Dutch …