the broader environment in which students live, suggesting a learning agenda that stretches far beyond education … the developing world, limiting development impact. Thus we should measure and promote learning not schooling. Conditional … cash transfers to students on the basis of attendance and scores, school choice, decentralization combined with published …

focus on early learning, for every Indian child. [Ministry of Women and Child Development]. URL:[http://wcd.nic.in/]. [Send …

Learning profiles that track changes in student skills per year of schooling often find shockingly low learning gains …. Using data from three recent studies in South Asia and Africa, it is shown that a majority of students spend years of … instruction with no progress on basics. Shallow learning profiles are in part the result of curricular paces moving much faster …