[eng] Employment rates and wages are 18 and 13 points lower, respectively, for French persons with at least one immigrant parent from North Africa than for French persons . both of whose parents are French-born. . . Our study seeks to determine the share of these gaps that can be attributed to...

[eng] France set up 41 “Urban Free Zones” (Zones Franches Urbaines: ZFUs) on 1 January 2004 to replace selected “Urban Regeneration Zones” (Zones de Redynamisation Urbaine: ZRUs). In ZFUs, businesses enjoy a fi veyear exemption from employers’ social contributions, corporate income...