Tariff escalation becomes one of the major issues in the new Doha Round negotiation because it is viewed as a stumbling block to the industrialization development for the developing countries. When tariffs on products escalate with the stage of processing, the effective rate of protection, or...

A multi-activity DEA model with variable returns to scale is proposed to provide information on the efficiency performance of organizations with inputs shared among several closely-related activities. The model is applied to study the case of 279 farmers’ cooperatives in Taiwan. The results...